{"id":312,"date":"2024-07-06T06:02:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T19:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bornfree.life\/2024\/?p=312"},"modified":"2026-02-09T14:53:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T03:53:18","slug":"2-1-1-blood-tests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bornfree.life\/learn\/2-1-1-blood-tests\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1.1 Blood tests"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n

2.1.1 Blood tests <\/h1><\/a>\n\n <\/div>\n\n

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Testing blood is a helpful way to understand specific aspects of immune activity and metabolism. Minimally, it\u2019s useful to have markers for blood group (needed for Oligoscan), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) and lipids, LDH isoenzymes, iron studies (iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation %, ferritin), vitamin B6 and vitamin D (inactive form). Your doctor is usually the best person to assist you with these, however private lab services are also available in many countries, should these be helpful.

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USA
<\/h4>\n\n\nBlood group (for Oligoscan)<\/em>\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/abo-group-rho-d-typing-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\nComplete blood count (CBC) & comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/complete-blood-count-cbc-comprehensive-metabolic-panel-cmp-14-blood-test-panel<\/a>\n\n\nIron studies\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/iron-with-total-iron-binding-capacity-tibc-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\nLDH isoenzymes<\/strong>\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/lactate-dehydrogenase-ld-isoenzymes-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\nLipids\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/lipid-panel-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\nVitamin B6\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/vitamin-b6-plasma-test<\/a>\n\n\nVitamin D\nhttps:\/\/www.walkinlab.com\/products\/view\/vitamin-d25-hydroxy-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\n


Australia
<\/h4>\n\n\nhttps:\/\/imedical.com.au\/order\/blood-tests\/build-your-own-blood-test<\/a>\n\n\nA-B\nBioChem (Comprehensive Metabolic Panel), Blood group + antibodies (for Oligoscan)<\/em>\n\n\nE-G\nFull Blood Count + ESR
\n\n\nH-I\nIron studies\n\n\nJ-N\nLDH isoenzymes<\/strong>\n\n\nU-Z\nVitamin B6, Vitamin D3\n\n\n

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes<\/h5>
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme primarily involved in converting pyruvate to lactate (and vice versa). It has five isoenzymes (LDH-1 to LDH-5)<\/strong>, each consisting of different combinations of two subunits: H (heart) and M (muscle). Further, there are individual LDH isoforms – LDH-A\/B\/C<\/strong> which make up these isoenzymes. These isoforms have specific roles \/ functions. LDH is also a metalloenzyme, affected by zinc status and NAD+:NADH ratio. LDH isoenzymes are distributed across various tissues based on their metabolic needs. 

The terms “H” (heart) and “M” (muscle) subunits were historically named based on the tissues where these subunits were first observed in high concentrations. The H (heart) subunit was first identified in cardiac tissue, which relies on aerobic metabolism. The M (muscle) subunit was discovered in skeletal muscle, which often utilizes anaerobic glycolysis, especially during high activity.

This test allows you to see if an elevation of a specific isoenzyme or pattern of elevations is present, further suggesting if a particular tissue is experiencing energy metabolism dysregulation, and\/or upstream  influences affecting energy metabolism.

eg. If LDH-4 and LDH-5 (which contain more M subunits, characteristic of anaerobic glycolysis) are elevated, it can be indicative of reduced oxygen availability or prolyl hydroxylase inhibition for other reasons (oxidative stress, low Fe\/Si, low Zn, low alpha-ketoglutarate, elevated succinate). These isoenzymes are more prevalent in tissues that rely on anaerobic metabolism, such as skeletal muscle and liver, and their elevation suggests a shift towards lactate production due to reduced oxygen, a common feature of hypoxic conditions and \/ or various issues which inhibit prolyl hydroxylase activity (see Figure 1<\/a>).

<\/p>\n\n\n
LDH Isoenzyme<\/strong>\n
Subunit Composition<\/strong>\n
Main Tissues (not exhaustive)
<\/strong>\n
Notes<\/strong>\n\n\nLDH-1 (H4)
\nHHHH
\nHeart, red blood cells, brain, kidney
\nPrimarily in aerobic tissues. Inhibited by oxalate and oxamate.
\n\n\nLDH-2 (H3M1)
\nHHHM
\nWhite blood cells, brain, heart, kidney, lymph nodes
\nModerate anaerobic glycolysis.
\n\n\nLDH-3 (H2M2)
\nHHMM
\nLungs, spleen, pancreas, brain, endocrine tissues
\nEngages in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
\n\n\nLDH-4 (H1M3)
\nHMMM
\nSkeletal muscle, liver, lungs
\nFound in tissues with higher anaerobic activity.
\n\n\nLDH-5 (M4)
\nMMMM
\nLiver, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, astrocytes
\nHigh expression in anaerobic tissues, including astrocytes.
\n\n\n
LDH Isoform<\/strong>
\n
\n
Main Tissues <\/strong>(not exhaustive)<\/strong>\n
Notes<\/strong>\n\n\nLDH-A
\n–
\nLiver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, testes, certain cancers
\nConverts pyruvate to lactate, crucial in anaerobic glycolysis. Also converts glyoxylate to oxalate.<\/strong>
\n\n\nLDH-B
\n–
\nHeart, brain, kidneys, red blood cells
\nConverts lactate to pyruvate, crucial in aerobic tissues.
\n\n\nLDH-C
\n–
\nTestes
\nSpecialized for energy metabolism in sperm cells, supports spermatogenesis.
\n\n\n


Standard LDH testing only measures TOTA<\/strong>L LDH<\/strong>. The individual isoenzymes are combined into a single figure, easily obscuring any anomalies in an individual tissue. This makes standard LDH testing highly unreliable and easily provides another false negative result, upsetting diagnostics efforts by clinicians.<\/strong>
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