{"id":2835,"date":"2025-05-14T00:17:40","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T13:17:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bornfree.life\/2024\/?page_id=2835"},"modified":"2026-02-04T16:37:33","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T05:37:33","slug":"antimicrobial-library","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bornfree.life\/learn\/antimicrobial-library\/","title":{"rendered":"Antimicrobial Library"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n

\n Antimicrobial Library <\/h1><\/a>\n\n <\/div>\n\n

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Antimicrobial Library<\/h3>\n

v1.0 (alpha)

This library contains extensive information on antimicrobial drugs and is aimed at quickly researching selection of drugs or drug combinations, based on target protein or known interactions with human metabolism.
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The search bar allows you to refine entries to eg. “azole” or search for a specific name \/ term. You can also sort by column.
The export buttons can be used to download and work with this data offline or in other tools.

<\/em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/strong>
Information is general and not medical advice. <\/em>Content may contain errors. Do not use for diagnosis or \nclinical decisions; seek advice from a qualified health professional. \nThis tool is provided for research\/education. \nIt is not intended to diagnose, treat, prevent or monitor disease, and \nis not intended for clinical decision-support. If you use software for \nsuch purposes, you are responsible for complying with applicable \nregulations.

This tool is provided \u2018as is\u2019: we don\u2019t warrant \ncompleteness or accuracy and exclude all implied warranties to the \nmaximum extent permitted by law.  

<\/em>[Unfortunately, this rich dataset is not designed for browsing on mobile devices and is best viewed on a laptop \/ desktop computer. If you absolutely must use a mobile device to browse this, try rotating your mobile device to landscape mode and seeing if the screen resolution is high enough to display the table.<\/span><\/em>]<\/p>\n\n

\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n\n wdt_ID<\/th> wdt_created_by<\/th> wdt_created_at<\/th> wdt_last_edited_by<\/th> wdt_last_edited_at<\/th> Class<\/th> Drug<\/th> Mechanism\/Target<\/th> Human Metabolic Interactions & Off-Target Effects<\/th> PBPs (cell wall synthesis)<\/th> \u03b2-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase<\/th> Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase<\/th> Squalene epoxidase<\/th> Ergosterol binding\/pore<\/th> 16S ribosomal subunit<\/th> 30S ribosomal subunit<\/th> 50S ribosomal subunit<\/th> DNA gyrase<\/th> Topoisomerase IV<\/th> RNA polymerase<\/th> Elongation factor G<\/th> 70S initiation complex<\/th> ATP synthase (myco)<\/th> \u03b2-tubulin<\/th> Glutamate-gated Cl- channel<\/th> DHFR<\/th> DHPS<\/th> PFOR<\/th> Mycolic-acid synthesis<\/th> Nitro \/ radical DNA damage<\/th> Membrane disruption<\/th> Heme detoxification block<\/th> Cytochrome bc1<\/th> Nicotinic ACh receptor<\/th> FAS1<\/th> Other<\/th> <\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n\n \n \n\n\n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> Class<\/td> Drug<\/td> Mechanism\/Target<\/td> Human Metabolic Interactions & Off-Target Effects<\/td> PBPs (cell wall synthesis)<\/td> \u03b2-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase<\/td> Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase<\/td> Squalene epoxidase<\/td> Ergosterol binding\/pore<\/td> 16S ribosomal subunit<\/td> 30S ribosomal subunit<\/td> 50S ribosomal subunit<\/td> DNA gyrase<\/td> Topoisomerase IV<\/td> RNA polymerase<\/td> Elongation factor G<\/td> 70S initiation complex<\/td> ATP synthase (myco)<\/td> \u03b2-tubulin<\/td> Glutamate-gated Cl- channel<\/td> DHFR<\/td> DHPS<\/td> PFOR<\/td> Mycolic-acid synthesis<\/td> Nitro \/ radical DNA damage<\/td> Membrane disruption<\/td> Heme detoxification block<\/td> Cytochrome bc1<\/td> Nicotinic ACh receptor<\/td> FAS1<\/td> Other<\/td> <\/tr>\n <\/tfoot>\n \n <\/table>\n\n<\/div>
1<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Benzimidazoles (Antiparasitic)<\/td>\n Albendazole<\/td>\n Binds to parasite \u03b2-tubulin, preventing microtubule polymerization; impairs glucose uptake and ATP production (vermicide). Broad anthelmintic (nematodes, cestodes) activity.<\/td>\n Prodrug rapidly hepatic metabolized to albendazole sulfoxide (active). CYP1A2 inducer with chronic use; metabolism inhibited by cimetidine (\u2191levels) and induced by phenytoin (\u2193levels). Take with fatty meal to enhance absorption. Off-target liver toxicity (monitor LFTs) and bone marrow suppression with prolonged high doses.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Amikacin<\/td>\n 30S ribosome binding; resistant to many aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes (for gentamicin-resistant bacteria).<\/td>\n Similar to gentamicin: renal elimination, significant oto- and nephrotoxicity risk. No CYP metabolism. Therapeutic drug monitoring required to avoid toxicity.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Amoxicillin<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; broad-spectrum penicillin active vs Gram+ and some Gram- (bactericidal)<\/td>\n Oral absorption enhanced by food; renal excretion. Combined with clavulanate to overcome \u03b2-lactamases. Rash common in EBV infection.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Amoxicillin\/Clavulanate<\/td>\n Amoxicillin inhibits PBPs; clavulanate irreversibly inhibits class A \u03b2-lactamases, extending spectrum.<\/td>\n Same as amoxicillin; clavulanate hepatically metabolised. Higher incidence of cholestatic hepatotoxicity.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Polyenes<\/td>\n Amphotericin B<\/td>\n Binds ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming pores and causing cell leakage (fungicidal). Broad spectrum: nearly all fungi (yeasts and molds). Also leishmanicidal (binds parasite ergosterol analogs).<\/td>\n IV only (deoxycholate or lipid formulations). No CYP metabolism. High affinity for cholesterol contributes to dose-limiting nephrotoxicity (off-target). Infusion reactions (fever, chills) common - cytokine release. Liposomal form reduces toxicity.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Ampicillin<\/td>\n Same as penicillins - inhibits PBPs and cell wall cross-linking (especially Gram-positive and some Gram-negative).<\/td>\n Mostly renal excretion via OAT transporters. Can alter gut flora (diarrhea) and reduce oral contraceptive efficacy (gut flora effect).<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Echinocandins<\/td>\n Anidulafungin<\/td>\n Inhibits \u03b2-glucan synthase. Used for esophageal candidiasis and invasive Candida.<\/td>\n Undergoes slow chemical degradation in plasma (no significant hepatic metabolism). No clinically relevant drug interactions. Generally well tolerated; histamine release with rapid infusion.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Artemisinins<\/td>\n Artemether-Lumefantrine<\/td>\n Artemether (another artemisinin) plus lumefantrine (long-acting partner that inhibits heme detoxification). Combination kills initial parasites rapidly and clears residual parasites.<\/td>\n Artemether induces its metabolism (CYP3A4 inducer). Lumefantrine is metabolized by CYP3A4; absorption increases with food. QT prolongation can occur (lumefantrine effect). Few significant interactions aside from artemisinin induction effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Artemisinins<\/td>\n Artesunate<\/td>\n Prodrug of dihydroartemisinin. Cleavage of endoperoxide bridge produces free radicals in presence of iron, damaging parasite proteins and membranes (rapidly cidal). Active against blood stages of Plasmodium, including falciparum.<\/td>\n Short half-life (~1 hour). Induces CYP2B6 and 3A4 via PXR\/CAR activation - can reduce levels of itself and co-administered drugs over time. Generally well-tolerated; transient neutropenia possible. Not used alone (given in combination therapies to prevent resistance).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - ETC<\/td>\n Atovaquone\/Proguanil<\/td>\n Atovaquone: inhibits parasite mitochondrial electron transport at cytochrome bc1 complex (collapses mitochondrial membrane potential). Proguanil: prodrug converted to cycloguanil, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (enhances atovaquone effect). Used together (Malarone) for malaria.<\/td>\n Atovaquone: >99% protein-bound, excreted largely unchanged in feces. Inhibits no major CYPs (but rifampin reduces atovaquone levels ~50% by inducing clearance). Proguanil: metabolized by CYP2C19 to active cycloguanil (poor CYP2C19 metabolizers have reduced efficacy). Generally well tolerated; atovaquone can cause transient LFT elevations; proguanil can cause mouth ulcers\/hair loss (rare).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Macrolides<\/td>\n Azithromycin<\/td>\n 50S ribosome binding; blocks bacterial protein elongation (similar to erythromycin). More acid-stable and broader Gram-negative coverage.<\/td>\n Minimal CYP3A4 inhibition (unlike erythro). Very high tissue penetration (long half-life). Off-target QT prolongation but lower risk than erythromycin.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Aztreonam (monobactam)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs of Gram-negative aerobes only (no activity vs Gram-positives).<\/td>\n Renal excretion. Little cross-allergenicity with other \u03b2-lactams. Negligible CYP involvement; generally well-tolerated.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitubercular Diarylquinoline<\/td>\n Bedaquiline<\/td>\n Inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase (diarylquinoline, c subunit), depleting energy stores.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; QT prolongation boxed warning; half\u2011life\u00a0>5\u202fmonths; avoid CYP3A4 inducers; co\u2011admin with rifampin contraindicated; hepatotoxic.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antiprotozoal Nitroimidazoles<\/td>\n Benznidazole<\/td>\n Nitroimidazole prodrug for Chagas disease; mechanism similar to nifurtimox - radical formation and DNA damage in T. cruzi.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (CYP1A1 and possibly CYP3A4). Alcohol intolerance (disulfiram-like effect) possible. Off-target: rash, bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy. Often better tolerated than nifurtimox.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Echinocandins<\/td>\n Caspofungin<\/td>\n Noncompetitively inhibits \u03b2-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase, weakening fungal cell wall (fungicidal against Candida). IV only.<\/td>\n Slow hepatic elimination (not via CYP450; degraded by peptide hydrolysis). Minimal drug interactions (does not inhibit P450 significantly). Histamine-like flushing with rapid infusion (off-target).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cefazolin (1st\u2011gen cephalosporin)<\/td>\n Binds PBPs; excellent Gram+ coverage, limited Gram\u2011 (e.g., PEcK).<\/td>\n Renal excretion. Used peri\u2011operatively. Disulfiram reaction rare; minimal CYP effects.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cefepime (4th\u2011gen)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; zwitterion penetrates Gram\u2011 outer membrane; broad incl. Pseudomonas.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; neurotoxicity (encephalopathy) in renal failure.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2\u2011Lactams (Siderophore Cephalosporin)<\/td>\n Cefiderocol<\/td>\n Siderophore cephalosporin; ferric\u2011iron uptake into Gram\u2011negative bacteria then PBP binding; stable to all carbapenemases.<\/td>\n Renal excretion unchanged; negligible CYP effects; monitor for Coombs positivity and possible QT prolongation.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cefixime (3rd\u2011gen oral)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; extended Gram\u2011 including some \u03b2\u2011lactamase producers.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; long half\u2011life allows once\u2011daily dosing. Minimal interactions.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cefoxitin (2nd\u2011gen cephamycin)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; active vs anaerobes incl. B. fragilis.<\/td>\n Renal elimination. Weak inducer of chromosomal AmpC in some Gram\u2011; minimal human CYP.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Ceftaroline (5th\u2011gen)<\/td>\n Binds PBP2a in MRSA and PBPs in Gram\u2011; only \u03b2\u2011lactam active vs MRSA.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; neutropenia with prolonged use; minimal CYP.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Ceftazidime (3rd\u2011gen)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; strong activity vs P. aeruginosa.<\/td>\n Renal elimination. Can select for ESBLs; minimal CYP.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2\u2011Lactams + \u03b2\u2011lactamase inhibitor<\/td>\n Ceftazidime\u2013Avibactam<\/td>\n 3rd\u2011gen cephalosporin plus diazabicyclooctane inhibitor of class\u202fA, C, some D \u03b2\u2011lactamases (incl. KPC, OXA\u201148).<\/td>\n Renally cleared; adjust dose in renal impairment; minimal CYP; headache and C.\u00a0difficile diarrhoea reported.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Ceftriaxone (3rd-gen cephalosporin)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; stable against many \u03b2-lactamases; strong activity vs. Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus.<\/td>\n ~95% plasma protein-bound; biliary excretion (can cause biliary sludging). No significant CYP metabolism. Displaces bilirubin from albumin in neonates (risk of kernicterus - off-target effect).<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cefuroxime (2nd\u2011gen cephalosporin)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; improved Gram\u2011 coverage incl. H. influenzae, Enterobacter.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; crosses BBB only at high doses. Minimal CYP effects.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Cephalexin (1st\u2011gen)<\/td>\n Same as cefazolin; oral formulation.<\/td>\n Renal clearance. Minimal metabolism; can cause GI disturbance and rash.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Chloramphenicol<\/td>\n Chloramphenicol<\/td>\n Binds 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptidyl transferase, blocking peptide bond formation (bacteriostatic). Broad spectrum (incl. anaerobes).<\/td>\n Glucuronidated in liver (UDP-glucuronyl transferase). In neonates, immature metabolism causes \u201cGray baby syndrome\u201d (hypotension, cyanosis). Reversible dose-dependent bone marrow suppression; rare idiosyncratic aplastic anemia (off-target). Inhibits CYP2C19 and 3A4 (moderate).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Quinoline<\/td>\n Chloroquine<\/td>\n Binds heme in Plasmodium food vacuole, preventing its polymerization to hemozoin; accumulation of free heme is toxic to parasite (blood schizonticide). Effective against P. vivax\/ovale and sensitive P. falciparum.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (CYP2C8\/3A4). Inhibits P-gp and may raise levels of P-gp substrates. Off-target: retinal deposition (bull\u2019s eye retinopathy) with long-term use; QT prolongation (caution with other QT drugs). In G6PD deficiency, risk of hemolysis.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n Ciprofloxacin<\/td>\n Inhibits DNA gyrase (Gram-negatives) and topoisomerase IV (Gram-positives), blocking DNA replication (bactericidal). Broad Gram-negative activity.<\/td>\n Moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 - can raise levels of theophylline, tizanidine. Oral absorption significantly reduced by divalent cations (avoid antacids). Off-target effects: QT prolongation, tendinopathy (risk of tendon rupture, especially in elderly).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Macrolides<\/td>\n Clarithromycin<\/td>\n 50S ribosome inhibitor, similar spectrum to erythromycin (adds H. pylori coverage).<\/td>\n Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (and CYP2C9) - significant interactions (e.g. increases statin, theophylline levels). Metabolized in liver to active metabolite. Can cause QT prolongation and cholestatic hepatitis.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Lincosamide<\/td>\n Clindamycin<\/td>\n Binds 50S subunit, blocking peptide translocation (overlaps macrolide binding site; bacteriostatic). Good anaerobic and Gram+ coverage.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (CYP3A4). High risk of C. difficile colitis due to gut flora disruption (off-target). No significant CYP inhibition.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Ansamycins<\/td>\n Clofazimine<\/td>\n Binds to mycobacterial DNA and interferes with replication; also generates intracellular ROS. Bactericidal against Mycobacterium leprae; used in leprosy.<\/td>\n Extremely long half-life (weeks) due to high lipid accumulation. No significant CYP interactions known. Off-target red-brown discoloration of skin and bodily fluids. GI upset common.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Polymyxins<\/td>\n Colistin (Polymyxin\u00a0E)<\/td>\n Cationic lipopeptide binding LPS, disrupting Gram\u2011negative membranes; prodrug CMS hydrolysed in vivo.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; nephro & neurotoxicity; monitor CrCl; minimal CYP.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Oxazolidinones<\/td>\n Contezolid<\/td>\n 23S rRNA inhibitor similar to linezolid but weaker MAO inhibition; retains activity vs some linezolid\u2011resistant strains.<\/td>\n Metabolised by FMO5; low serotonin\u2011syndrome risk; mild transaminase rise; no significant CYP.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Glycopeptides<\/td>\n Dalbavancin<\/td>\n Lipoglycopeptide binding D\u2011Ala\u2011D\u2011Ala; depolarises membrane.<\/td>\n Extremely long half\u2011life (~8 days) allows single-dose regimens. No CYP effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Dapsone<\/td>\n Competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase in bacteria and Pneumocystis jirovecii (like a sulfa drug). Bacteriostatic, used in leprosy and as second-line for Pneumocystis pneumonia.<\/td>\n Hepatic acetylation and hydroxylation (CYP2C9, 3A4). Moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor. Notable off-target: causes methemoglobinemia and hemolysis (especially in G6PD deficiency).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Lipopeptide<\/td>\n Daptomycin<\/td>\n Inserts into Gram-positive bacterial cell membranes, causing depolarization and potassium efflux (rapidly bactericidal).<\/td>\n Inactivated by pulmonary surfactant (ineffective in pneumonia). Muscle toxicity (CPK elevation) is off-target effect - monitor for rhabdomyolysis. Minimal CYP involvement.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n Delafloxacin<\/td>\n Anionic fluoroquinolone inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase\u00a0IV; retains activity in acidic infection sites.<\/td>\n 15\u202f% CYP3A4 metabolism; chelation with divalent cations; less QT prolongation; tendinopathy still a risk.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitubercular Nitroimidazole<\/td>\n Delamanid<\/td>\n Activated by F420\u2011nitroreductase; inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.<\/td>\n Albumin & CYP3A4 metabolism; QT prolongation; hypoalbuminemia increases exposure.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials \u2013 Artemisinin Combination<\/td>\n DHA\u2013Piperaquine<\/td>\n Dihydroartemisinin free\u2011radical damage; piperaquine blocks heme detoxification; synergistic.<\/td>\n Piperaquine CYP3A4 substrate & inhibitor; QT prolongation; DHA glucuronidated; avoid with strong CYP3A4 modulators.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Dicloxacillin<\/td>\n Penicillinase\u2011resistant penicillin binding PBPs; active vs MSSA.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism; induces CYP3A4 mildly. GI upset and allergic reactions similar to other penicillins.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Diethylcarbamazine<\/td>\n Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)<\/td>\n Exact mechanism not fully understood - thought to sensitize filarial worms to host immune attack and disrupt arachidonic acid metabolism in microfilaria. Used for lymphatic filariasis.<\/td>\n Renal excretion (alkalinizing urine prolongs half-life). No known CYP interactions. Off-target: can cause intense reactions (Mazzotti-type) due to antigen release from dying microfilariae (fever, hypotension).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Doripenem<\/td>\n Carbapenem with enhanced anti\u2011Pseudomonas potency.<\/td>\n Renally cleared; similar to meropenem. No significant CYP.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Tetracyclines<\/td>\n Doxycycline<\/td>\n Binds 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing tRNA binding to the A-site (bacteriostatic). Broad-spectrum against bacteria and some protozoa.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (doxycycline is non-renally eliminated). Strong chelation with Ca\u00b2\u207a, Fe\u00b2\u207a - avoid co-administration with dairy, iron (reduces absorption). Binds developing teeth and bone (off-target; contraindicated in pregnancy & <8yrs).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitrypanosomal (African)<\/td>\n Eflornithine<\/td>\n Irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (prevents polyamine synthesis) - halts cell proliferation in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Also used topically to reduce unwanted hair (same target in follicles).<\/td>\n Renal clearance. No major CYP involvement. Bone marrow suppression and GI irritation are main off-target effects. Safer than melarsoprol, but not effective for T. b. rhodesiense.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Tetracyclines (Fluorocycline)<\/td>\n Eravacycline<\/td>\n Synthetic tetracycline with high 30S affinity; stable to most tetracycline resistance mechanisms.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; P\u2011gp interaction; nausea common; no significant QT effect.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Ertapenem<\/td>\n Carbapenem binding PBPs; lacks Pseudomonas\/Acinetobacter coverage.<\/td>\n High protein binding, once\u2011daily dosing. Renal excretion. Lower seizure risk.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Macrolides<\/td>\n Erythromycin<\/td>\n Binds 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from A to P site (bacteriostatic). Effective against respiratory pathogens, atypicals.<\/td>\n Potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 - elevates levels of drugs like carbamazepine, warfarin. Stimulates motilin receptors (off-target GI cramping). Causes QT prolongation (hERG K\u207a channel blockade).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Ethambutol<\/td>\n Inhibits arabinosyl transferases (EmbB) blocking arabinogalactan synthesis in mycobacterial cell wall.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; optic neuritis (colour blindness) dose\u2011related; minimal CYP effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Macrocyclic Antibiotic<\/td>\n Fidaxomicin<\/td>\n Binds sigma\u2011dependent RNA polymerase subunit, blocking transcription; bactericidal against C.\u00a0difficile with narrow spectrum.<\/td>\n Minimal systemic absorption; gut hydrolysis to OP\u20111118; negligible CYP involvement; nausea common; preserves normal microbiota.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Fluconazole<\/td>\n Inhibits fungal lanosterol 14\u03b1-demethylase (a CYP51A1) - blocks ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes (fungistatic). Spectrum: Candida, Cryptococcus.<\/td>\n Strong inhibitor of CYP2C9 and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4\/2C19 - raises levels of warfarin, phenytoin, sulfonylureas. High oral bioavailability; primarily renal excretion. Off-target: reversible alopecia with long-term use; QT prolongation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimetabolite Antifungal<\/td>\n Flucytosine (5-FC)<\/td>\n Converted by fungal cytosine deaminase to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which then inhibits thymidylate synthase (DNA synthesis) and is incorporated into RNA (fungistatic). Active against Cryptococcus and Candida (used with amphotericin B).<\/td>\n Renal excretion of active drug. Narrow therapeutic window - bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia) and enterocolitis at high levels (5-FU toxicity, off-target). No direct CYP interactions.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Fosfomycin<\/td>\n Inhibits MurA (enolpyruvyl transferase), blocking the first committed step of peptidoglycan synthesis (prevents formation of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid). Bactericidal (especially urinary E. coli, Enterococcus).<\/td>\n Orally absorbed and excreted unchanged in urine (high urinary concentrations). No notable CYP interactions. Well tolerated; occasional headache or diarrhea.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Furazidin (Furagin)<\/td>\n Mechanism analogous to nitrofurantoin-reactive intermediates disrupt DNA and ribosomal proteins; used for UTIs in Eastern Europe.<\/td>\n Rapid renal excretion of inactive metabolites; dark yellow urine; contraindicated in G6PD deficiency; possible pulmonary hypersensitivity similar to nitrofurantoin.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Furazolidone<\/td>\n Nitrofuran reduced to radical intermediates that damage DNA; also weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor; active vs. Giardia, H. pylori, Vibrio cholerae.<\/td>\n Systemic absorption; MAO inhibition-hypertensive crisis with tyramine-rich foods; disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol; risk of hemolysis in G6PD deficiency; nausea\/vomiting common.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Steroid Antibiotic<\/td>\n Fusidic Acid<\/td>\n Prevents turnover of elongation factor\u00a0G on 70S ribosome, halting protein synthesis; strong activity vs staphylococci.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism; potent inhibitor of OATP1B1 and CYP3A4\u2014contraindicated with statins (rhabdo risk); high protein binding.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Gentamicin<\/td>\n Binds 30S ribosomal subunit; inhibits initiation complex and causes mRNA misreading (bactericidal). Oxygen-dependent uptake (ineffective against anaerobes).<\/td>\n Renal excretion; concentration accumulates in renal cortex and inner ear (off-target nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity). Minimal metabolism. Synergistic toxicity with loop diuretics (ear damage).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Mitotic Inhibitor Antifungal<\/td>\n Griseofulvin<\/td>\n Binds fungal tubulin, disrupting microtubule function and mitosis (fungistatic). Deposits in keratin precursor cells (hair, skin, nails) to treat dermatophyte infections.<\/td>\n Induces CYP450 (1A2, 2C9, 3A4) - can reduce efficacy of warfarin, oral contraceptives. Best absorbed with fatty meal. Off-target: headache, confusion; teratogenic in animals (avoid in pregnancy).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Quinoline<\/td>\n Halofantrine<\/td>\n Similar to mefloquine; disrupts heme detoxification.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; severe QT prolongation, hence rarely used.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Triterpenoid Antifungal<\/td>\n Ibrexafungerp<\/td>\n Oral \u03b2\u20111,3\u2011D\u2011glucan synthase inhibitor; fungicidal vs Candida incl. azole\u2011resistant species.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; moderate P\u2011gp inhibitor; GI upset; avoid strong CYP3A4 inducers.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Imipenem\/Cilastatin<\/td>\n Imipenem inhibits PBPs; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase\u2011I preventing drug degradation.<\/td>\n Seizure risk at high doses or renal dysfunction. Broadest \u03b2\u2011lactam spectrum. Minimal CYP.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2\u2011Lactams + \u03b2\u2011lactamase inhibitor<\/td>\n Imipenem\u2013Cilastatin\u2013Relebactam<\/td>\n Imipenem (PBP inhibitor) + cilastatin (DHP\u2011I blocker) + relebactam (class\u202fA\/C \u03b2\u2011lactamase inhibitor).<\/td>\n Renal excretion; cilastatin prevents nephrotoxic metabolite; no CYP; CNS toxicity at high doses.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Isavuconazole<\/td>\n Prodrug of isavuconazonium sulfate; inhibits 14\u03b1\u2011demethylase; active vs Mucorales.<\/td>\n Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor & substrate; shortens QT (unique); avoids cardiotoxic prolongation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Triazole Antifungal<\/td>\n Isavuconazole<\/td>\n Prodrug isavuconazonium; inhibits lanosterol 14\u2011\u03b1\u2011demethylase; broad spectrum incl. Mucorales.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate & moderate inhibitor; **shortens** QT interval (unique); contraindicated with strong CYP3A4 inducers\/inhibitors.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Isoniazid<\/td>\n Inhibits mycobacterial mycolic acid synthesis (prodrug activated by KatG catalase-peroxidase in M. tuberculosis). Bactericidal to rapidly dividing TB.<\/td>\n Acetylated in liver (NAT2) - slow acetylators at risk of toxicity. Potent inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Hepatotoxic (boxed warning) and causes vitamin B6 deficiency - can lead to peripheral neuropathy (off-target, prevent with pyridoxine).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Itraconazole<\/td>\n Inhibits fungal lanosterol 14\u03b1\u2011demethylase; broad spectrum incl. Histoplasma, Blastomyces.<\/td>\n Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; requires acidic pH for absorption (avoid PPIs); negative inotrope (contraindicated in heart failure).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Avermectins (Macrocyclic lactones)<\/td>\n Ivermectin<\/td>\n Binds glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrate nerve\/muscle, causing paralysis and death of parasite (nematodes, arthropods). Also potentiates GABAergic signals in parasites.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate - extensively metabolized via hepatic CYP3A4 (and 3A5, 2C9). P-glycoprotein substrate - excluded from CNS; MDR1 mutations (in collies\/humans) allow neurotoxicity (off-target CNS depression). Mild inhibitor of CYP2C9\/2C19\/2D6 (weak). Off-target effects: dizziness, pruritus (from parasite reactions).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Ketoconazole<\/td>\n Inhibits 14\u03b1-demethylase (ergosterol synthesis). First oral azole (largely replaced by newer azoles due to toxicity).<\/td>\n Potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (and substrate) - causes many drug interactions. Inhibits adrenal and testicular steroid synthesis (off-target anti-androgenic effect causing gynecomastia, adrenal insufficiency). Hepatotoxic (boxed warning).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Pleuromutilins<\/td>\n Lefamulin<\/td>\n Binds 50S peptidyl transferase centre (domain\u00a0V 23S rRNA); blocks protein synthesis; active vs MRSA, atypicals.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate & moderate inhibitor; QT prolongation; avoid strong CYP3A4 inducers\/antiarrhythmics.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n Levofloxacin<\/td>\n Inhibits DNA gyrase & topo IV (bactericidal). Enhanced Gram+ (including pneumococcus) compared to ciprofloxacin.<\/td>\n Less CYP inhibition than cipro (minimal). Primarily renal excretion. Prolongs QT interval. Associated with tendon damage and cartilage toxicity (avoid in pregnancy and children).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Oxazolidinones<\/td>\n Linezolid<\/td>\n Binds 50S ribosomal 23S rRNA, preventing formation of the 70S initiation complex (blocks protein synthesis initiation). Active against MRSA, VRE.<\/td>\n Partially metabolized by MAO; is a non-selective MAO inhibitor - risk of serotonin syndrome with SSRIs (off-target effect). No CYP450 induction\/inhibition. Causes bone marrow suppression (especially thrombocytopenia) with prolonged use.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Benzimidazoles (Antiparasitic)<\/td>\n Mebendazole<\/td>\n Similar to albendazole - inhibits microtubules in parasites (broad-spectrum anthelmintic).<\/td>\n Poorly absorbed (mostly acts in gut). Metabolized by CYP3A4; induces CYP3A4 with repeated dosing. Low systemic exposure means few drug interactions. High doses can cause neutropenia, alopecia (off-target). Contraindicated in pregnancy (teratogenic in animals).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Quinoline<\/td>\n Mefloquine<\/td>\n Probably disrupts parasite heme detoxification similar to chloroquine. Active against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum (blood schizonticide).<\/td>\n Long half-life (~20 days). Metabolized by liver (CYP3A4). Minimal CYP inhibition. Off-target: vivid dreams, insomnia, and risk of severe neuropsychiatric effects (boxed warning). Contraindicated in epilepsy (seizures).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitrypanosomal (African)<\/td>\n Melarsoprol<\/td>\n Arsenical compound that likely inactivates parasite enzymes (e.g. pyruvate kinase) by binding sulfhydryl groups. Used for late-stage CNS African trypanosomiasis.<\/td>\n Metabolized to an inactive arsenic-glucuronide. Extremely toxic (arsenic effects): causes reactive encephalopathy in ~10% (often fatal), peripheral neuropathy, nephrotoxicity. No known drug interactions (used as last resort).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Meropenem (carbapenem)<\/td>\n Binds PBPs with broad spectrum (Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, anaerobes). Resistant to most \u03b2-lactamases.<\/td>\n Primarily renal elimination (dehydropeptidase-I resistant, unlike imipenem). Lowers seizure threshold at high doses (imipenem > meropenem). Minimal CYP interaction.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2\u2011Lactams + \u03b2\u2011lactamase inhibitor<\/td>\n Meropenem\u2013Vaborbactam<\/td>\n Carbapenem combined with cyclic boronate inhibitor targeting serine carbapenemases (KPC).<\/td>\n Renal elimination; no CYP; seizures rare; dose adjust for CrCl\u202f<\u202f50\u202fmL\/min.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitroimidazoles<\/td>\n Metronidazole<\/td>\n Prodrug - in anaerobes and certain protozoa it\u2019s reduced to reactive nitro radicals that damage DNA and other macromolecules (bactericidal). Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas).<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (via CYP2A6, 2C9) and renal excretion of metabolites. Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase - causes disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol (off-target). Inhibits CYP2C9 - potentiates warfarin (\u2191INR). Frequent side effects: headache, peripheral neuropathy with prolonged use.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Echinocandins<\/td>\n Micafungin<\/td>\n Inhibits \u03b2-1,3-glucan synthase (like caspofungin). Used for Candida (including prophylaxis in stem-cell transplant patients).<\/td>\n Metabolized by aryl sulfate transferase and COMT, not CYPs - few interactions. Increases levels of sirolimus and nifedipine (via unknown mechanism). Off-target: liver enzyme elevation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Alkylphosphocholine<\/td>\n Miltefosine<\/td>\n Disrupts parasite membrane lipid metabolism; cidal vs Leishmania, Naegleria fowleri.<\/td>\n Oral; long half\u2011life; teratogenic; GI upset; elevated creatinine; P\u2011gp substrate.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Avermectins (Macrocyclic lactones)<\/td>\n Moxidectin<\/td>\n Macrocyclic lactone with similar mechanism to ivermectin (paralyzes via glutamate-Cl\u207b channels). Used for river blindness.<\/td>\n Longer half-life than ivermectin. CYP3A4 metabolism. Inhibits P-gp less than ivermectin. Adverse effects mainly due to immune reaction to dying parasites (Mazotti reaction).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n Moxifloxacin<\/td>\n Inhibits DNA gyrase & topo IV; stronger Gram+ & anaerobe activity.<\/td>\n Hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation; QT prolongation higher than cipro; no renal adjustment.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Topical RNA Synthetase Inhibitor<\/td>\n Mupirocin<\/td>\n Inhibits bacterial isoleucyl\u2011tRNA synthetase; potent vs MRSA when topical.<\/td>\n Minimal systemic absorption; hydrolysed to inactive monic acid; local burning\/itching; no CYP concerns.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Nafcillin<\/td>\n Penicillinase\u2011resistant anti\u2011staph penicillin binding PBPs.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism, biliary excretion; potent inducer of CYP3A4, lowers warfarin\/cyclosporine levels; risk of neutropenia.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Allylamines<\/td>\n Naftifine<\/td>\n Topical allylamine inhibiting squalene epoxidase.<\/td>\n Minimal systemic absorption; local irritation possible.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n First\u2011Gen Quinolone<\/td>\n Nalidixic Acid<\/td>\n Inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase\u00a0II) in Gram\u2011negative bacilli; mainly urinary antiseptic.<\/td>\n Hepatic glucuronidation; inhibits CYP1A2 (\u2191warfarin, theophylline); phototoxicity and seizures at high concentrations.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Salicylanilide Anthelmintic<\/td>\n Niclosamide<\/td>\n Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation & inhibits glucose uptake in cestodes; cidal to tapeworms.<\/td>\n Very poor absorption; negligible CYP; mild GI upset; being repurposed for cancer & antiviral studies.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Nifuratel<\/td>\n Nitrofuran analogue producing reactive nitroso species; broad activity vs. Trichomonas, Candida, Giardia; also inhibits bacterial pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase.<\/td>\n Oral; largely metabolised by hepatic reduction and conjugation; disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol; mild GI upset; limited CYP data-no major interactions reported.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Nifuroxazide<\/td>\n Nitrofuran acting on bacterial oxidoreductases; poor systemic absorption-stays in gut, inhibiting enteric pathogens.<\/td>\n Negligible systemic exposure; minimal CYP interaction; rare hepatic enzyme elevation in impaired gut barrier; hypersensitivity reactions uncommon.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antiprotozoal Nitroimidazoles<\/td>\n Nifurtimox<\/td>\n Yields reactive nitro anion radicals inside Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease agent), causing DNA and macromolecule damage. Also used in combination for Trypanosoma brucei (African trypanosomiasis).<\/td>\n Metabolized in liver (multiple pathways, not well characterized). Causes oxidative stress in host cells too - common off-target effects: peripheral neuropathy and GI upset. No specific CYP interactions established, but its clearance may be induced by rifampin (by analogy to similar compounds).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Nitazoxanide<\/td>\n Prodrug; active metabolite (tizoxanide) inhibits pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase in anaerobic energy metabolism of protozoa and some bacteria. Cidal against Cryptosporidium and Giardia.<\/td>\n Highly protein-bound, metabolized via glucuronidation. Colors urine yellow-green (off-target). Minimal CYP impact. Generally well tolerated; mild GI side effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Nitrofurantoin<\/td>\n Reduced inside bacteria generating reactive intermediates that damage ribosomal proteins, DNA; specific for urinary pathogens.<\/td>\n Rapid renal excretion; contraindicated in CrCl<30. Causes hemolysis in G6PD deficiency and pulmonary fibrosis with long use.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitrofurans<\/td>\n Nitrofurazone (Nitrofural)<\/td>\n Reduced by bacterial nitroreductases to reactive intermediates that damage DNA and inhibit ribosomal proteins; topical antibacterial for burns & skin grafts.<\/td>\n Minimal systemic absorption; rare hypersensitivity\/contact dermatitis; prolonged topical use may cause systemic nitroso metabolites-avoid in pregnancy; negligible CYP involvement.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 8\u2011Hydroxyquinoline<\/td>\n Nitroxoline<\/td>\n Chelates metal ions and inhibits bacterial DNA replication enzymes; potent anti\u2011biofilm activity vs Gram\u2011negatives, mycobacteria and Candida.<\/td>\n Rapid glucuronidation; >90\u202f% excreted in urine (orange discoloration); minimal CYP; avoid in severe renal\/hepatic impairment.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Polyenes<\/td>\n Nystatin<\/td>\n Topical polyene; same mechanism as amphotericin (binds ergosterol, pores). Used for Candida (skin, oral thrush).<\/td>\n Not absorbed orally (safe for GI Candida). No systemic metabolism when used topically. Bitter taste and mild GI upset if swallowed (off-target).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n Ofloxacin<\/td>\n Inhibits DNA gyrase\/topo IV; racemic mixture (levofloxacin is L\u2011isomer).<\/td>\n Renal elimination; CNS stimulation risk; moderate CYP1A2 inhibition.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Orotomide Antifungal<\/td>\n Olorofim<\/td>\n Inhibits fungal dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; novel class active vs molds.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate and mild inducer; reversible LFT rise; investigational use.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Tetracyclines (Aminomethylcycline)<\/td>\n Omadacycline<\/td>\n 30S ribosome inhibitor evading efflux and ribosomal protection; active vs MRSA, VRE, atypicals.<\/td>\n Not metabolised; chelation with Ca\/Fe; avoid food 4\u202fh pre\u2011dose; minimal CYP; transient ALT rise.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Glycopeptides<\/td>\n Oritavancin<\/td>\n Lipoglycopeptide disrupting cell wall and membrane; inhibits transglycosylation & transpeptidation.<\/td>\n Weak inhibitor\/inducer of multiple CYPs (2C9, 2C19, 3A). Interferes with coagulation tests (artifacts).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitroimidazoles<\/td>\n Ornidazole<\/td>\n Same as metronidazole; effective against anaerobes & protozoa.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism; longer t1\/2; similar alcohol reaction.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Oxacillin (anti-staph penicillin)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; resistant to staphylococcal \u03b2-lactamase (narrow spectrum against MSSA).<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (unlike most penicillins). Inducer of CYP3A4 (moderate) - can lower levels of drugs like warfarin. High protein binding; may cause hepatitis (off-target liver toxicity).<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Paromomycin<\/td>\n 30S binding; luminal amebicide and IM option for visceral leishmaniasis.<\/td>\n Minimal absorption orally; IM route renally cleared; nephro\/ototoxicity with parenteral use; no CYP.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Penicillin G<\/td>\n Binds penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) - D-Ala-D-Ala transpeptidase - inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking (bactericidal).<\/td>\n Primarily renally excreted unchanged; minimal CYP involvement. High doses may provoke seizures (GABA antagonism) in renal impairment.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Penicillin V<\/td>\n Binds PBPs, inhibits transpeptidase during cell wall synthesis (mainly Streptococcus spp.)<\/td>\n Acid-stable oral penicillin; renal tubular secretion (OAT). Minimal CYP involvement; may reduce efficacy of OCPs by altering gut flora.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antiprotozoal Diamidines<\/td>\n Pentamidine<\/td>\n Binds DNA in kinetoplasts and likely interferes with polyamine synthesis and topoisomerase in protozoa. Cidal for Trypanosoma brucei (hemolymphatic stage) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (alternate therapy).<\/td>\n IV\/IM administration. Extensive tissue binding; eliminated via renal (slow). Hypotension and nephrotoxicity are notable off-target effects. No CYP metabolism. Can cause hypoglycemia (toxic to pancreatic islets) or hyperglycemia (later islet cell loss).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics<\/td>\n Piperacillin (+ tazobactam)<\/td>\n Inhibits PBPs; extended spectrum to Pseudomonas (given with \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor).<\/td>\n Primarily renal clearance. High sodium content (in formulations) - caution in cardiac patients (off-target electrolyte load). Minimal CYP effects.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Plazomicin<\/td>\n Next\u2011gen aminoglycoside resistant to modifying enzymes; binds 16S rRNA; 30S misreading.<\/td>\n Renal elimination; black\u2011box nephro- and ototoxicity. Limited CYP.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Polypeptide<\/td>\n Polymyxin B<\/td>\n Binds to LPS and disrupts Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane; acts as cationic detergent (bactericidal).<\/td>\n Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic (off-target damage to host cell membranes). Primarily renal excretion. No significant CYP effects. P-glycoprotein substrate.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Posaconazole<\/td>\n Inhibits 14\u03b1-demethylase. Broadest spectrum azole (incl. Mucorales, some protozoa).<\/td>\n Strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Requires high-fat meal for absorption. Off-target: GI upset; can elevate liver enzymes. Investigational use in Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) due to cross-targeting parasite sterol enzyme.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Isoquinoline Pyrazine<\/td>\n Praziquantel<\/td>\n Causes severe spasms and paralysis of worms\u2019 musculature via Ca\u00b2\u207a influx; disrupts tegument of trematodes\/cestodes, exposing antigens. Drug of choice for schistosomiasis and tapeworms.<\/td>\n Extensive first-pass metabolism via CYP3A4. Rifampin co-administration lowers praziquantel levels by ~90% (contraindicated). Dizziness and drowsiness common (avoid driving post-dose). Bitter taste (crushed tablets) can induce nausea.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitubercular Nitroimidazooxazine<\/td>\n Pretomanid<\/td>\n Nitro\u2011prodrug releasing NO; blocks mycolic acid synthesis; active vs MDR\/XDR TB.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 metabolism & induction; transaminase elevation; peripheral neuropathy with linezolid.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Quinoline<\/td>\n Primaquine<\/td>\n Unknown exact target; believed to interfere with parasite electron transport in mitochondria. Kills liver hypnozoites of P. vivax\/ovale and gametocytes (tissue schizonticide).<\/td>\n Rapid hepatic metabolism. Contraindicated in G6PD deficiency - causes severe hemolytic anemia (off-target oxidative damage to erythrocytes). No significant CYP interactions documented. Occasional GI upset; methemoglobinemia at high doses.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Depolarising Anthelmintic<\/td>\n Pyrantel Pamoate<\/td>\n Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist causing spastic paralysis in nematodes.<\/td>\n Poor systemic absorption; cholinesterase inhibition rare; minimal drug interactions; transient GI cramps.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Others<\/td>\n Pyrazinamide<\/td>\n Prodrug converted to pyrazinoic acid; disrupts M. tuberculosis membrane energetics and inhibits fatty acid synthase I.<\/td>\n Hepatotoxicity major; hyperuricaemia via reduced renal urate excretion. Not CYP significant.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - ETC<\/td>\n Pyrimethamine (+ Sulfadiazine)<\/td>\n Pyrimethamine: selectively inhibits protozoal dihydrofolate reductase (similar to trimethoprim). Used with a sulfonamide for synergistic blockade of Toxoplasma gondii folate synthesis.<\/td>\n Hepatic metabolism (CYP2C9, 2C19). Inhibits CYP2C9 moderately. Long half-life (~4 days). Off-target: bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia) at high doses (folate depletion - often give folinic acid rescue). Sulfadiazine shares interactions\/toxicities with sulfamethoxazole (see above).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials - Quinoline<\/td>\n Quinine<\/td>\n Interferes with heme detox in Plasmodium food vacuole; gametocidal for vivax.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; induces its own metabolism; causes cinchonism, hypoglycaemia; QT prolongation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Streptogramins<\/td>\n Quinupristin\/Dalfopristin<\/td>\n Synergistic streptogramin combination: dalfopristin binds 50S, inducing a conformational change that enhances quinupristin binding; together they inhibit peptide elongation and cause premature chain release (bactericidal in combination).<\/td>\n Potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 (due to quinupristin) - can raise levels of cyclosporine, midazolam, etc. Primarily hepatic elimination (bile). Arthralgia\/myalgia common (off-target).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Topical Pleuromutilin<\/td>\n Retapamulin<\/td>\n Binds 50S peptidyl transferase center, blocking protein synthesis; used for impetigo.<\/td>\n Topical exposure minimal but metabolised by CYP3A4 if systemic; avoid in <9\u00a0months infants with CYP3A4 inhibitors; mild local irritation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Echinocandin (2nd\u2011gen)<\/td>\n Rezafungin<\/td>\n Long\u2011acting \u03b2\u20111,3\u2011D\u2011glucan synthase inhibitor; once\u2011weekly IV dosing.<\/td>\n Slow chemical degradation; no CYP; infusion reactions similar to other echinocandins.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Rifamycins<\/td>\n Rifabutin<\/td>\n Rifamycin derivative with same RNA polymerase target as rifampin. Used in TB, MAC infections.<\/td>\n Milder CYP3A induction than rifampin (preferred in HIV patients on protease inhibitors). May cause uveitis at high doses (off-target).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Rifamycins<\/td>\n Rifampin<\/td>\n Binds \u03b2-subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA synthesis (bactericidal). Effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and certain Gram+ cocci.<\/td>\n Potent inducer of CYP3A4, 2C9, 2C19, 1A2 and P-gp - markedly reduces levels of many drugs (e.g. protease inhibitors, azoles, warfarin). Causes hepatotoxicity and turns body fluids orange (off-target pigment effect).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Rifamycins<\/td>\n Rifaximin<\/td>\n Non-absorbed rifamycin for GI use. Binds RNA polymerase in gut microbes (treats C. difficile, traveler\u2019s diarrhea).<\/td>\n Minimal systemic absorption - actions confined to gut. Negligible CYP effect systemically. Off-target: can cause mild GI upset.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Streptomycin<\/td>\n Binds 30S, inhibits initiation and causes misreading; first aminoglycoside.<\/td>\n Renal clearance; oto- and nephrotoxicity like others. Used in TB, plague.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Sulfonamides & DHFR inhibitors<\/td>\n Sulfamethoxazole (+ Trimethoprim)<\/td>\n Sulfonamide: competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase (blocks folate precursor PABA incorporation); Trimethoprim: inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Synergistic bacteriostatic combination (sequential folate synthesis blockade).<\/td>\n Sulfonamides: hepatically acetylated and renally excreted. Trimethoprim: renally excreted. CYP2C9 inhibitor - TMP-SMX raises warfarin levels (bleeding risk). Significant protein binding (sulfonamide can displace bilirubin in neonates - kernicterus risk). Common off-target effects: hypersensitivity (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) and bone marrow suppression (TMP-induced megaloblastic anemia).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antitrypanosomal (African)<\/td>\n Suramin<\/td>\n Exact target unknown; non-covalently binds many parasite proteins and enzymes (e.g. glycolytic enzymes) - broad trypanocidal effects in blood stream. Used for early-stage African trypanosomiasis (T. brucei rhodesiense).<\/td>\n Not metabolized, renal excretion. Long half-life (~50 days). Off-target toxicities are significant: kidney damage, adrenal cortical damage (hypotension), neuropathies. No CYP interactions (does not cross BBB or readily enter cells).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Antimalarials \u2013 8\u2011Aminoquinoline<\/td>\n Tafenoquine<\/td>\n Oxidative damage to Plasmodium hypnozoites & gametocytes; radical cure & prophylaxis.<\/td>\n CYP2D6 metabolism; contraindicated in G6PD deficiency; long half\u2011life; mild CYP3A4 inhibition.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Oxazolidinones<\/td>\n Tedizolid<\/td>\n Similar mechanism to linezolid (binds 50S to prevent initiation complex). More potent against staphylococci.<\/td>\n Not a significant MAOI at clinical doses (lower risk of serotonin syndrome). Primarily liver glucuronidation\/sulfation. GI disturbances and reversible myelosuppression as off-target effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Glycopeptides<\/td>\n Teicoplanin<\/td>\n Binds D\u2011Ala\u2011D\u2011Ala like vancomycin; long half\u2011life.<\/td>\n Renal excretion. Less nephrotoxic than vancomycin. Minimal histamine release.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Allylamines<\/td>\n Terbinafine<\/td>\n Inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase, blocking ergosterol synthesis and accumulating toxic squalene (fungicidal). Effective for dermatophytes (skin\/nail fungi).<\/td>\n Metabolized by CYP1A2, 2C9, 3A4 (moderate inhibitor of 2D6). Highly lipophilic (accumulates in skin, nails, fat). Off-target hepatotoxicity (rare but serious - monitor LFTs). Taste disturbances and headache are common side effects.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Tetracyclines<\/td>\n Tigecycline (glycylcycline)<\/td>\n Binds 30S with higher affinity; evades tetracycline efflux pumps and ribosomal protection (effective against many TCN-resistant bacteria).<\/td>\n Mainly biliary excretion. Nausea\/vomiting common (off-target GI effect). No major CYP interactions. May reduce oral contraceptive efficacy (like other antibiotics affecting gut flora).<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Nitroimidazoles<\/td>\n Tinidazole<\/td>\n Reduced to nitro radicals in anaerobes\/protozoa damaging DNA; longer half\u2011life than metronidazole.<\/td>\n CYP3A4 substrate; disulfiram\u2011like with alcohol; metallic taste, less GI upset than metronidazole.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n Tobramycin<\/td>\n 30S binding; enhanced Pseudomonas activity.<\/td>\n Renal excretion; inhaled form for CF; similar toxicity profile.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Benzimidazole (Flukicide)<\/td>\n Triclabendazole<\/td>\n Binds parasite \u03b2\u2011tubulin; highly effective against Fasciola spp. and Paragonimus.<\/td>\n CYP1A2 metabolism to sulfoxide\/sulfone; elevated LFTs possible; bitter taste; contraindicated in pregnancy.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Glycopeptides<\/td>\n Vancomycin<\/td>\n Binds D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors, blocking transglycosylation and transpeptidation (inhibits cell wall synthesis).<\/td>\n Not absorbed orally (given IV for systemic infections). Renal excretion - requires dose adjustment in renal dysfunction. No CYP metabolism. Off-target histamine release (\u201cred man syndrome\u201d) with rapid infusion.<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n 3dghs<\/td>\n 13\/05\/2025 12:35 PM<\/td>\n Azole Antifungals<\/td>\n Voriconazole<\/td>\n Inhibits 14\u03b1-demethylase (ergosterol biosynthesis). Broad spectrum: Candida, Aspergillus. Fungistatic\/cidal (species-dependent).<\/td>\n Metabolized by CYP2C19, 2C9, 3A4; inhibits CYP3A4, 2C9, 2C19 - significant interactions (cyclosporine, tacrolimus require dose reduction). Nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Off-target: visual disturbances (reversible), hallucinations, QT prolongation.<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 1<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody> \n\n \n \n